Authorizing Infringement and Secondary Infringement Essay

Authorizing Infringement and Secondary Infringement - Essay Example    File-sharing refers to exchanging copyrighted files through the internet with a financial inducement involved without getting permission from the copyright owner (â€Å"Protecting UK Music†). This was the same case with the University of New South Wales vs. Moorehouse where the university did not make it clear to students that copying any material without prior direct permission from the copyright owner is illegal and it provided a means and material for the infringement, a copier and paper (â€Å"European IP Bulletin, Issue 25, September-Hot Topics†). The providers of peer to peer networks then become liable for authorizing file sharing. For example Apple iTunes does not expressly warn purchasers that they cannot share music; it even encourages people to join its ‘PING† network where among others; people can see what music you ‘like’ and have downloaded and one can ‘burn’ audio playlists ‘up to seven times’(Apple) . Apple is not expressly prohibiting sharing of music; if one burns a playlist seven times who is liable if the person shares it? And can Apple be considered to be tolerant of sharing? Apple can be considered to countenance because it does not give conditions for making copies but says a playlist can be ‘burned up to seven times’, but for what purpose (Brendan).  In the CBS and others vs. Amstrad Consumer Electronics Plc and Other ruling in 1988, the judge ruled in favor of the defendant that it granted the ability for consumers to make copies of tapes onto blank equipment but did not give consumers the right to copy (â€Å"CBS Songs Ltd and Others vs. Amstrad Consumer Electronics Plc and Another†), so they were not liable for authorization, though their products were or could be used to infringe on copyrights; the ruling says the defendant was not guilty but he facilitated a means to infringe on copyright so, in reality, they should be liable for acts of comm ission and omission to the extent of authorizing duplication basically authorizing secondary infringement.     

Contemporary Social Issues in Japan Research Paper - 1

Contemporary Social Issues in Japan - Research Paper Example Various factors like social system, family life, parent child communication and defective school system are considered the major causes for this social problem. At present, various kinds of support systems which provide help and assistance for young people, parents and teachers are available in Japan. News reports and magazine articles in Japan have reported the anxiety among the social activists and research professionals about a social trouble which has been noted as seriously affecting the country. They have also identified this new social phenomenon causing for severe behavioral changes among the youths. Michael J. Dziesinski states; â€Å"A new term, Hikikomori, was coined for this social phenomenon by Japanese psychologist Tamaki Saito to describe a disturbing behavioral trend towards complete social withdrawal among Japanese youths† (Dziesinski1). Studies prove that it is a disturbing behavioral trend towards absolute social and cultural withdrawal among the Japanese youth. In the end of the 1970s, some news papers and journal articles have published reports about some kinds of challenging behavior and social withdrawal from the part of Japanese youth. In the beginning of the 1990s sociologists have noticed the fact that a gradual growth took place in these behavior al disorders. The dilemma of Hikikomori became a serious social problem in Japan as it affecting the young people who are often regarded as the wealth of a nation. Therefore, Hikikomori creates serious behavior disorders among the Japanese youth and their social withdrawal negatively affects the social and economic growth of the nation. Western psychologists and research professionals consider Hikikomori as a culture bound disease. It has been noted as adversely affecting a particular nation for the duration of a particular moment in its social and cultural history. Psychologists admit Hikikomori